Understanding and Managing Infant Dermatitis
 
Infant dermatitis is a common skin condition that affects babies in infancy. Whilst it can be distressing for both parents and babies, it’s vital to remember that most cases can be effectively managed with proper care and management. This article is aimed at parents whose infants have recently been diagnosed with dermatitis and will explore: 

• The different types of infant dermatitis,
• Causes
• Role of nutrition
• Nutrients that support natural skin health
• Tips on how to manage and alleviate discomfort for your infant. 

 
The different types of infant dermatitis

• Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – a chronic, itchy skin condition that often starts in infancy. 
• Contact dermatitis – occurs when the skin comes into contact with a possible irritant or allergen. Common causes included perfumed shampoo, soaps, and creams, but also washing powders and fabrics. Symptoms include redness, itching and sometimes blisters. 
• Cradle cap (seborrheic dermatitis) – presents as greasy, yellowish, scaly patches on the scalp. This condition is harmless and generally resolves on its own.
• Nappy rash (dermatitis) – a common occurrence in nappy wearing infants, due to contact with moisture. Symptoms include redness and irritation within the area covered by a nappy. 

 
Causes
There are different possible causes, depending on the type: 

• Genetics – having a family history of eczema or other skin conditions can increase an infant’s risk of developing infant dermatitis.
• Allergies/intolerances to food or environmental triggers can trigger atopic (allergic) dermatitis. 
• Irritants. As mentioned above certain fragrances or materials (eg. nickel) can trigger contact dermatitis.
• Environmental factors such as the weather and humidity levels, can also trigger an infant’s fragile skin. 

 
Role of Nutrition
Nutrition is the foundation of all our cells, including skin cells and it can have an impact on the development and management of infant dermatitis. In the past allergens were strictly avoided in infants, but research has uncovered that this may make food allergies more prevalent. The guidelines, now are: 

• Breastfeeding. UK Government guidelines are for a baby to be breastfed, where possible, for the first six months of life. This is particularly important in the case of infants with a familial history of atopy (allergic eczema, asthma etc). 
• Formula milks. If there is a family history of atopy then it is worth discussing the possibility of being recommended a hypoallergenic formula, with your doctor or health visitor, 
• Weaning. 
  • For an infant WITHOUT any familial history of atopy, recommendations are to start weaning at around 6 months of age (when they can sit up, unassisted in a highchair). Foods that are common allergens should be included within the diet. 
  • For an infant WITH a familial history of atopy, the recommendation is to start weaning from the age of 4 months and include possible allergens such as dairy, egg or peanut.
  •  However, if your infant already has bad infant dermatitis, please consult with your doctor, specialist, a nutrition professional or health visitor before introducing any high-risk allergen foods. 
• Probiotics, the studies related to these are nuanced in relation to infant dermatitis: 
  • If there is a familial history of atopy, probiotics during pregnancy have been shown in studies to lower the baby’s risk of developing infant dermatitis. 
  • When the infant is born and before any infant dermatitis develops, it is worth considering introducing a probiotic formulated specifically for infants. 
  • However, if your infant has already developed infant dermatitis, research has shown that the consumption of probiotics, particularly in supplement form, can, in some individuals, worsen the flare. 

 
Nutrients that support healthy skin 
Some nutrients are essential for skin health generally, so if your infant is weaned and hasn’t demonstrated any allergies or intolerances, then consider including the following nutrients into their regular nutrition can be supportive: 

• Omega 3 Essential Fatty Acids found in oily fish such as mackerel, salmon, and sardines or in flax and chia seeds. 
• Vitamin E is essential for skin repair and protection is can be found in nuts, seeds, and oils. 
• Vitamin C supports collagen production and is found in a wide range of foods including peppers and broccoli as well as the more traditionally thought of citrus fruits. 
• Vitamin D. In the UK guidelines are that all infants should have vitamin D supplementation from birth to 12 months. Discuss this with your GP. 
• Zinc is vital for skin development and repair, it is primarily found in meats, fish, and dairy.  Pumpkin seeds are a good source of plant-based zinc. 

 
My tips for managing infant dermatitis. 

• Consult your GP, health visitor or a nutrition professional before making any significant changes to your infant’s diet and especially if you suspect any allergies or intolerances.
• Use a Food and Symptom diary (free copy linked here) so that you can identify potential triggers and share your findings with a health professional. Please note that if the infant is being breast-fed, then the diet of the person feeding the baby should also be recorded. 
• Gradual introduction of foods. Introduce new foods one at a time, so that you have a chance to really pinpoint potential triggers.
• Consider food-based sources of pro and prebiotics such as kefir or Jerusalem artichokes.
• Sunlight – vitamin D deficiency is linked to increase infant dermatitis risk. A short, daily exposure to some sunshine where possible, such as a walk in a pushchair outdoors, can be very beneficial. 

Foods, ingredients, or molecule intolerances appear to be on the rise and whilst some such as gluten or histamine are well known, others, such as salicylates, are more misunderstood. This article will delve into this lesser-known phenomenon exploring: 

• What are salicylates and what is salicylate intolerance? 
• Which symptoms are linked to salicylate intolerance? 
• What does the science say causes this condition? 
• How is salicylate intolerance diagnosed? 
• Suggestions on how to manage a suspected salicylate intolerance.

 
What are salicylates and what is a salicylate intolerance?  
 
Salicylates are natural chemicals found in many plants who use them to defend themselves against pests, bacteria, and environmental stressors. Salicylates are anti-inflammatory and as such have also been synthetically reproduced in laboratories for uses in medications, including aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen. 
 
Salicylic acid has excellent anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties, leading to its common use as an ingredient in processed foods, condiments, cosmetics, and beauty products. 
 
In terms of food, salicylates are found in many plant foods to a higher or lesser extent. Some of the foods that are common triggers are: 

• Berries (especially strawberries), grapes, oranges, and apples
• Tomatoes, peppers, and broccoli 
• Cinnamon, curry powder and chili powder
• Almonds and peanuts
• Tea, coffee, and some fruit juices

 
Salicylate intolerance is where a person’s system has difficulty metabolising and tolerating salicylates, leading to a range of symptoms.  The phenomenon was initially observed in medically diagnosed patients with either aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) or NSAIDs-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) (1,2).   In the cases of both AERD and NERD, high doses of chemical salicylates can trigger asthma, rhinosinusitis and urticaria.  
 
Clinical case studies have observed that for some, simply eating a diet high in salicylates can contribute to a variety of symptoms, although this can vary from person to person and may also depend on the quantity of salicylates eaten or exposed to over a short period of time. 
 
Which symptoms are linked to salicylate intolerance? 
 
Whilst respiratory and skin symptoms are the most recognised symptoms of salicylate intolerance, there are others including: 

• Digestive issues: stomach pain, bloating, wind, diarrhoea
• Headaches
• Behavioural changes including irritability, restlessness or difficulty concentrating.
• Joint pain and swelling, similar to arthritis symptoms. 
• Fatigue. Both chronic fatigue and low energy levels are often described.
• Anaphylaxis. Whilst extremely rare, severe allergic reaction has been reported. 

 
What does the science say causes this condition? 
As with so many conditions, the exact cause of salicylate intolerance is not well understood, however there are some areas which are being explored: 

• Inability to metabolise or detoxify salicylates properly. 
• Genetic SNPs. Some studies have identified modifications on genes (SNPs) including on CYP2C9, NAT2 and UGT1A6 which might indicate a susceptibility to salicylate intolerance. (3,4)
• Overexposure from food, medical or topical sources can lead to symptoms.
• Underlying health conditions. It is thought that some health conditions including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), intestinal permeability (leaky gut) or Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) may increase the risk of salicylate intolerance, however it may also be the salicylate intolerance which triggers the health conditions. Further studies are needed to explore this. (5,6)

 
How is salicylate intolerance medically diagnosed? 
Diagnosis of salicylate intolerance is tricky, mainly because of the number of overlapping symptoms with other conditions.  A medical or nutrition practitioner will undertake: 

• A review of your symptoms and medical history. Could your symptoms be linked to other conditions e.g., IBS, food allergies, auto-immune conditions?
• A dietary analysis. Keeping a food and symptom diary can help identify common food triggers. A nutrition professional can use that information to evaluate whether salicylates may be a cause.  
• Challenge testing. If your medical practitioner suspects AERD or NERD then challenge testing may be undertaken within a hospital setting. 

 
For many, a salicylate intolerance is linked to other conditions or genetics and is not, itself, the root cause.  Sufferers tend to go heavily down the elimination root, which whilst does initially provide relief, is not a sustainable or healthy long-term solution. Working with a practitioner to discover the main trigger of the sensitivity is key. 
 
Suggestions for managing a suspected salicylate intolerance.

1. Review your diet by using a food and symptom diary. (you can download one FREE below). Note, that if you are reacting to everything then you need to work with a professional to find the route cause rather than starting to eliminate foods as the foods aren’t the actual issue.
2. Complete this quiz to see whether salicylates rather than histamines might be a trigger for you. 
3. Consider adopting a low salicylate diet. If you plan on changing your diet, you should consult with a healthcare or nutrition practitioner.  A low salicylate diet shouldn’t be followed for more than 3 weeks as it could lead to nutrient deficiencies. 
4. Pay attention to the ingredients of the foods you eat. Check the food labels. Many processed foods, condiments and sauces contain salicylates. 
5. What gene SNPs may you have that could contribute to a salicylate intolerance? How efficient are your detoxification pathways?  
6. Many over the counter medications are based on salicylic acid, so check with your pharmacist.
7. Skin and personal care products often contain salicylates. Try to choose those that are salicylate free. If in any doubt, contact the manufacturer. 
8. Lifestyle and emotions can influence how well a person can tolerate things. Get regular exercise and manage stress and relaxation. 

 
If on medication, please speak to your GP/consultant before making any changes to your diet. 

 
Sign up for my news to receive the published articles straight to your inbox. 
 
Read more by clicking below to see my previously published articles: 
 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.

• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• Autumnal Allergies – Yes, it is a thing
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now?
  
  

Who Am I? 
I’m Jessica Fonteneau, the Eczema and Digestive Health Nutrition Expert. I’ve worked with hundreds of clients to help them change their diets, better manage their flares, and find relief.
 
My vocation is to help those with eczema and digestive issues, because I have suffered with these interlinked conditions since I was 6 months old, and I truly know what it is like to experience these debilitating conditions. 
 
Every client I have ever worked with has their own triggers and ideal nutrition. There is no such thing as ‘one-size-fits-all’. Whether you work with me one-to-one or use my guided tools, my objective is to help you uncover what works best for you, so that you take back control and experience relief. 
 
My guided programmes are only suitable for adults as children have very specific nutrition requirements. I do, however, work with many child clients as part of my clinic. 
 
I also offer two free communities for adults caring for children with eczema and digestive symptoms, feel free to come and join us and get some well-deserved support. 
 

• Free community for adults with skin and/or digestive issues
• Free community for carers of children with skin and/or digestive issues

 
To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
Interested in what I do and who I am? Go to my website: www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 
References: 

1. Skypala IJ, Williams M, Reeves L, Meyer R, Venter C. Sensitivity to food additives, vaso-active amines and salicylates: A review of the evidence. Clin Transl Allergy. 2015;5(1):1–11. 
2. Kęszycka PK, Lange E, Gajewska D. Effectiveness of personalized low salicylate diet in the management of salicylates hypersensitive patients: Interventional study. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):1–14. 
3. Park SM, Park JS, Park HS, Park CS. Unraveling the genetic basis of aspirin hypersensitivity in asthma beyond arachidonate pathways. Allergy, Asthma Immunol Res. 2013;5(5):258–76. 
4. Palikhe NS, Kim SH, Nam YH, Ye YM, Park HS. Polymorphisms of Aspirin-Metabolizing enzymes CYP2C9, NAT2 and UGT1A6 in Aspirin-Intolerant urticaria. Allergy, Asthma Immunol Res. 2011;3(4):273–6. 
5. Raithel M, Baenkler HW, Naegel A, Buchwald F, Schultis HW, Backhaus B, et al. Significance of salicylate intolerance in diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol [Internet]. 2005;56 Suppl 5:89–102. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/1624719
6. Tuck CJ, Malakar S, Barrett JS, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Naturally-occurring dietary salicylates in the genesis of functional gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: Pilot study. JGH Open. 2021;5(8):871–8. 

 ​

The trees begin to lose their leaves, and you sigh a great sigh of relief thinking that the hay fever and seasonal allergies season is finally over. Then you realise that you are still getting symptoms – itchy eyes, runny nose, a dermatitis flare. It is very possible and even probable that you are suffering from Autumnal allergies. 
 
TV adverts and magazine articles would have you think that hay fever and seasonal allergies only happen in the spring and summer, but that isn’t the case.  Autumn brings its own set of allergens ready to trigger a runny nose, atopic dermatitis, and itchy eyes. If it isn’t plant pollen, what are the autumnal triggers that can cause so many issues? 
 
Weed pollen, mould spores and house mites are the most common triggers for Autumnal allergies, read on to find out more details and to get my 5 tips to lessen the autumnal allergy symptoms.
 
Weed Pollen 
 
Not all pollen producing plants flower in spring.  A whole category of weeds flower in the autumn and produce the highly allergenic weed pollen. These plants usually flower from late August until the first frost (usually around the end of November but growing later with climate change). This category of plants includes common weeds found in the UK such as nettles and sorrel but also varieties that are much newer to the UK and Europe such as the American Ragweed. Not only is ragweed a recent invader, but it also produces one of the highest amounts of pollen, causing uncomfortable hay fever and dermatitis symptoms in many sufferers.  
 
Mould Spores
 
Mould is around us all the time, but at this time of year levels peak with the falling leaves gently composting on the ground releasing large amounts of allergenic spores.  These are the main types of mould which have been highlighted as being triggers for allergy symptoms: 
 
Cladosporium Herbarum – this is a black mould that you can sometimes be found on bathroom walls or in a fridge, but it is also found on rotting vegetation. This is the considered the most allergenic of the moulds as it is easily airborne and so can spread quickly. 
 
 
Penicillium Notatum – found in decomposing leaves and soil. This mould is also the type you find on food that is going off eg. bread and fruit. 
 
Alternaraia Alternata – mainly found in rotting wood and therefore, forests, but can also be present on food and textiles. 
 
Dust Mites
Many sufferers of asthma, eczema or hay fever also have a dust mite allergy and whilst dust mites exist all year, reactions tend to peak in autumn as the weather becomes damp but remains relatively warm and we retreat inside and close our doors and windows, but we haven’t yet put our heating on. 
 
5 Tips to Lesson the Autumnal Allergy Symptoms

• Avoid stomping through fallen leaves as the movement will shake up any pollen or mould spores.
• Mould spores like the damp, so ensure your home is well ventilated and consider furnishings that can be easily wiped or washed.
• Check your property for any signs of damp or mould and consider purchasing some dehumidifiers for some of the less well-ventilated areas of your home and/or the bedrooms
• Avoid drying your washing on radiators as this drastically increases the amount of humidity in the air. 
• Remember to clean your fridge regularly as mould often builds in the more hard-to-reach shelves

 
If you were interested in this article, you may be interested in these other blogs I’ve previously published: 
 
Sign up for my news to receive the published articles straight to your inbox. 
 
Read more by clicking below to see my previously published articles: 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.

• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now? 
  
  

Who Am I? 
I’m Jessica Fonteneau, the Eczema and Digestive Health Nutrition Expert. I’ve worked with hundreds of clients to help them change their diets, better manage their flares, and find relief.
 
My vocation is to help those with eczema and digestive issues, because I have suffered with these interlinked conditions since I was 6 months old, and I truly know what it is like to experience these debilitating conditions. 
 
Every client I have ever worked with has their own triggers and ideal nutrition. There is no such thing as ‘one-size-fits-all’. Whether you work with me one-to-one or use my guided tools, my objective is to help you uncover what works best for you, so that you take back control and experience relief. 
 
My guided programmes are only suitable for adults as children have very specific nutrition requirements. I do, however, work with many child clients as part of my clinic. 
 
I also offer two free communities for adults caring for children with eczema and digestive symptoms, feel free to come and join us and get some well-deserved support. 

• Free community for adults with skin and/or digestive issues
• Free community for carers of children with skin and/or digestive issues

 
To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
Interested in what I do and who I am? Go to my website: www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 
 

Blood sugars and continuous blood sugar monitors are all the rage and for good reason. Maintaining a stable blood sugar level isn’t just vital for metabolic health and weight, but also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and a normal functioning gut. 
 
This article will explore the connections between stable blood sugars and both skin and gut health and will provide practical tips to achieve and maintain this important balance: 

• The role of stable blood sugars
• Blood sugars and skin health
• Blood sugars and gut health
• My top tips for keeping your blood sugars stable.

 
The role of stable blood sugars
 
Before we go into the detail of blood sugar and skin and gut health, here’s a quick overview of how important blood sugars are, so that we put it all in context. 
 
Simplistically, blood sugar is our main source of energy, and we get it primarily from eating carbohydrates which our digestive system then breaks down to glucose. This then enters our blood stream and provides energy to cells.  Stable blood sugars are vital for lots of reasons, but here are the most cited ones: 

• Energy regulation – stable blood sugars provide a consistent energy supply preventing energy crashes and fatigue.
• Weight management – stable blood sugars are associated with better weight management. Blood sugar levels spiking quickly up before crashing down, can trigger overeating, especially carbohydrate rich foods, which can lead to weight gain.
• Diabetes prevention – blood glucose levels that remain stubbornly high can lead to insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes. If your blood sugar levels crash too low, then you can be at risk for hypoglycaemia which can lead to headaches and energy crashes amongst other more serious effects. 
• Cognitive function – blood sugar levels can affect brain function and concentration. If you want to perform well, you should aim for stable blood sugar levels. 

Blood sugars and skin health
There are several ways that blood sugars can have an impact on skin health including: 

• Acne and inflammation.  There has been extensive research into the role of nutrition, including high-glycaemic (sugar) diets  and acne. (1)
• Acne is also linked to insulin response. Foods with high glycaemic values (those that make blood glucose levels rise and fall more quickly) are linked to higher insulin levels. (1,2) and higher insulin levels are linked to increased sebum production.
• Premature aging. Elevated blood sugar levels can have a damaging effect on collagen and elastin, both essential for skin firmness, therefore resulting in wrinkles.
• Glycation happens when the sugar in your blood stream attaches to a protein and produces Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs). These harmful free radicals accumulate and then damage further proteins such as collagen, which can then result in stiff, less resilient skin. 
• Eczema, psoriasis, and rosacea. High blood sugar levels have been associated with increased inflammation within the body, which can trigger these common skin conditions. 
• Itchiness. For many eczema sufferers the unbearable itch is one of the worst possible symptoms. Fluctuating blood sugar levels, specifically rapid spikes and crashes, have been observed to trigger increased itchiness. (3). 
• Skin barrier function (e.g., leaky skin). Eczema is closely related with a poor skin barrier which allows moisture to escape and irritants and bacteria to enter the skin more easily. (4)
• Bacterial infections.  Those suffering from eczema/dermatitis are more at risk to skin infections as their impaired skin barrier, which can be affected by blood glucose levels, allow bacteria through more easily. 

 
Blood sugars and gut health
 
Blood sugars and gut health aren’t usually associated by most people; however, high blood sugar levels can influence: 

• Your microbiome, or your own personal population of gut bacteria, which play a crucial role in not only your digestive health, but also your overall health and wellbeing.
• Digestive disorders. Those that are associated with unstable blood sugar levels include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and intestinal hyperpermeability (Leaky Gut). High glucose levels can also damage the intestinal lining, leading to inflammation and increasing gut permeability (5).
• Systemic inflammation (when your body has an exaggerated immune response to something). Systemic inflammation can damage the gut lining and lead to digestive discomfort and disorders. (6–7). 

 
My top tips for keeping your blood sugars stable. 
 

1. Balance your meals. Protein or fibre slows carbohydrate digestion so consider starting your meal with either of these, rather than first tucking into the pasta or bread. 
2. If you like a sweet treat, consider adding it to the end of a meal instead of having it on its own as a snack. If you do need snacks then try to have some protein first e.g., a handful of nuts and seeds.
3. Avoid ultra-processed foods and drinks. These contain more than the average amount of sugar. Just have a look at the labels!  The simpler ingredients you eat, the less chance you have of eating lots of hidden sugars. 
4. Stress can raise your blood sugar levels, so think about stress-lowering techniques. Can you go for a walk in nature at lunchtime? Can you listen to a meditation in your car before you go into work? Can you do a Yoga Nidra session that you find on YouTube before you go to sleep? 
5. Drink plenty of water. Even if hydration doesn’t lower your blood sugar levels it still helps support your skin and gut health. Try to drink regularly throughout the day rather than gulping down big quantities every so often. 
6. Consider getting a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) for a month. I don’t think everyone should have these for ever, but having one for a month can be really eye opening. What foods make YOU have a sugar spike? You may be surprised. I work with Veri who can supply you with a Freestyle Libre monitor and accompanying app. Clients who work with me can use this tool and have me access their data so that I can help interpret which is the best way of eating for that individual. If you want to find out more get in touch
7. Get a good night’s sleep. How well you sleep can affect your blood sugar levels the next day. I found that out whilst I was using a CGM and found that my normal breakfast had a much worse score the morning after a disturbed night. 

 
I run a 5 day ‘A Week to Reduce Your Sugar Cravings’ Challenge – it’s absolutely free and you can sign up here.
 
Sign up for my news to receive the published articles straight to your inbox. 
 
Read more by clicking below to see my previously published articles: 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.

• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now? 
  
  

Who Am I? 
I’m Jessica Fonteneau, the Eczema and Digestive Health Nutrition Expert. I’ve worked with hundreds of clients to help them change their diets, better manage their flares, and find relief.
 
My vocation is to help those with eczema and digestive issues, because I have suffered with these interlinked conditions since I was 6 months old, and I truly know what it is like to experience these debilitating conditions. 
 
Every client I have ever worked with has their own triggers and ideal nutrition. There is no such thing as ‘one-size-fits-all’. Whether you work with me one-to-one or use my guided tools, my objective is to help you uncover what works best for you, so that you take back control and experience relief. 
 
My guided programmes are only suitable for adults as children have very specific nutrition requirements. I do, however, work with many child clients as part of my clinic. 
 
I also offer two free communities for adults caring for children with eczema and digestive symptoms, feel free to come and join us and get some well-deserved support. 
 

• Free community for adults with skin and/or digestive issues
• Free community for carers of children with skin and/or digestive issues

 
To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
Interested in what I do and who I am? Go to my website: www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 
References: 

1. Meixiong J, Ricco C, Vasavda C, Ho BK. Diet and acne: A systematic review. JAAD Int [Internet]. 2022;7:95–112. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdin.2022.02.012
2. Briganti S, Flori E, Mastrofrancesco A, Ottaviani M. Acne as an altered dermato-endocrine response problem. Exp Dermatol [Internet]. 2020 Sep 1;29(9):833–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14168
3.  Xu X, Zhang H, Li L, Yang R, Li G, Liu S, et al. Study of the Involvement of the P2Y12 Receptor in Chronic Itching in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mol Neurobiol [Internet]. 2022;59(3):1604–18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02676-4
4. Lee Y Bin, Hwang HJ, Kim E, Lim SH, Chung CH, Choi EH. Hyperglycemia-activated 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 increases endoplasmic reticulum stress and skin barrier dysfunction. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2023;13(1):1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36294-y
5. Snelson M, de Pasquale C, Ekinci EI, Coughlan MT. Gut microbiome, prebiotics, intestinal permeability and diabetes complications. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2021;35(3):101507. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521690X21000245
6. Stecher B. The roles of inflammation, nutrient availability and the commensal microbiota in enteric pathogen infection. Metab Bact Pathog. 2015;297–320. 
7. Andersen CJ, Murphy KE, Fernandez ML. Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(1):66–75. 

Histamine intolerance is a recently identified but increasingly considered condition that, whilst not life-threatening, can trigger a range of uncomfortable and often debilitating symptoms. The disparity and variety of symptoms that can be attributed to this condition are so widespread that it took time for the scientific community to observe the common denominator, and it is often misdiagnosed in general practice. 
 
This, the fifth and last article in my ‘histamine’ series, will delve into this condition that is grabbing the attention of the healthcare community, providing you with information that may help you unravel whether histamine intolerance may be a factor in your health. The article covers: 

• What is histamine intolerance?
• Which symptoms hint at a possible histamine intolerance? 
• What are the possible contributory causes? 
• The genetics of histamine intolerance 
• My top tips for lowering your ‘histamine load’.

 
What is histamine intolerance? 
 
Histamine intolerance, also known as histaminosis or histamine sensitivity, is an increasingly recognised condition that affects a significant number of people worldwide. (1,2) is usually defined as the inability to adequately breakdown histamine. 
 
Histamine is a neurotransmitter, found throughout the body, but specifically in the skin, respiratory tract, and the digestive system. It is involved in numerous processes including stomach acid production, and vasodilation (the widening of the blood vessels), but is more commonly known for its pivotal involvement in the immune response. 
 
It is believed that individuals who suffer from histamine intolerance have a deficiency or dysfunction of the DAO (diamine oxidase) or HNMT (histamine-N-methyltransferase, enzymes, which are responsible for breaking down histamine in the body. This slowing of histamine degradation leads to a possible accumulation of histamine, leading to a variety of symptoms, depending on the individual. 
 
It is thought that histamine intolerance prevalence is higher in children than in adults (3), but further studies are needed. My clinical experience, working with many infants and young children with digestive and skin symptoms, is that when true IgE allergies have been ruled out, histamine intolerance is often a route to be explored. Lowering an overall histamine load, rather than assuming that multiple food intolerances are at play, can allow children to retain the all-important macro and micronutrient variety, rather than putting them at risk of strict and restrictive elimination diets which oftentimes worsens the situation and puts their health at risk.
 
Histamine intolerance has, in the past, often been misdiagnosed as whole host of other diseases including food allergy and intolerances, urticaria, eosinophilic gastroenteritis amongst others.  When clients come to see me with negative allergy/intolerance testing, but who swear blind that such and such a food triggers a reaction, histamine intolerance is something that immediately springs to mind. 
 
Which symptoms hint at a possible histamine intolerance? 
As I’ve already explored in previous articles (see links at the end of this feature), histamine intolerance can manifest in a variety of different symptoms, hence the diagnosis difficulty. Common symptoms include: 

• Digestive issues including abdominal cramps and pain, diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting, bloating and flatulence and acid reflux.
• Skin problems including itchy skin, urticaria and eczema.
• Respiratory symptoms including sneezing, runny or blocked nose, coughing, shortness of breath and wheezing.
• Headaches and migraines

 
What are the possible contributory causes? 
There are several possible contributory causes to histamine intolerance, but the main theory involves the concept of an overall histamine ‘load’ or the cumulative effect of several factors, including: 

• DAO and HNMT enzyme deficiencies, as mentioned above, can contribute to histamine being inadequately broken down and, therefore, more histamine circulating within the body.
• Histamine containing foods. Some foods are known to be high histamine such as spinach, avocados, and dried fruits. An accumulation of too many of these foods in the diet, can add to the histamine load.
• Histamine liberating foods. Whilst these foods don’t contain high histamine levels themselves, they are known to either provoke the liberation of histamine or slow down the action of either DAO or HNMT. These include alcohol, fermented foods and citrus fruits. 
• Gut health. Conditions such as intestinal hyperpermeability (leaky gut), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can contribute to histamine load and histamine load also has a worsening effect on the symptoms of these conditions.
• Medications – some medication such as non-steroid anti-inflammatory medications which can bought over the counter and some anti-depressants can also slow histamine metabolism or trigger histamine release. 
• Stress. When your cortisol levels rise in response to stress, it may trigger mast cells to release histamine. 

 
Please note that not every individual will be affected by all the above, and this overview should only support the notion of how your overall histamine load could add up. 
 
The genetics of histamine intolerance 
 
For some experiencing histamine issues, the question of low or slow DAO or HNMT activity may stem from their genetics. DAO inactivates histamine in the gut and HNMT within the nervous system and lungs. Genetic variants on these enzymes or their pathways can lead to histamine intolerance. 
 
Nutrigenomics testing, which I offer through Lifecode Gx, can provide information on our own genes which then informs us on the nutrition and lifestyle changes we can make to align with any variants to optimise health and wellbeing. Lifecode Gx offers a specific Histamine Intolerance test. You can find out more, by clicking the link.   Nutrigenomic testing is the only form of testing that is available from the youngest age. Whilst how you eat and live your life will have an effect on whether a gene variation may have an impact, your genes themselves never change. 
 
My top tips for lowering your histamine load. 

1. Consider your histamine ‘genetics’, do you have variants that slow the metabolism of histamine? 
2. Review your daily histamine load – are you stressed? Have you eaten lots of histamine containing or histamine liberating foods? Are you taking a NSAID or other histamine releasing medication. Now consider, what out of the list you’ve drawn up can you reduce or remove so that your overall load is lessened? 
3. Be aware of food sources of histamine and histamine liberating foods. Try to not have too many in one day or all at one time. Eliminating more and more foods is not the answer and could be very dangerous for your health. Consulting with a nutrition professional is recommended. Follow this link for a list of common high-histamine foods.
4. For some, but not all, DAO supplementation before higher histamine meals can be helpful. 
5. Increase antioxidant and anti-inflammatory foods such as green leafy vegetables (except for spinach, which is high histamine), oily fish and ginger. 
6. Introduce daily activities that help balance your stress. What activity can you do without leaving your home, for 10-15 minutes that brings you joy and lowers your heart rate? Consider drafting a list and committing to doing at least one of those activities daily. 

 
If on medication, please speak to your GP/consultant before making any changes to your diet. 
 
If you are interested in histamine and its impact on symptoms, this article is the second in a series I am currently publishing covering.  The series in total will include:

1. What is the histamine and eczema/dermatitis link? (Already published, view using the link)
2. What’s the histamine and gut health connection? (Already published, view using the link)
3. What is the histamine and auto-immune conditions link (Already published, view using the link)
4. Histamine and oestrogen – why histamine may trigger skin and gut issues at the menopause. ((Already published, view using the link)
5. Histamine Intolerance is it really a thing? (Today's article)

 
Sign up for my news to receive the published articles straight to your inbox. 
 
Read more by clicking below to see my previously published articles: 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.

• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• Autumnal Allergies – Yes, it is a thing
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now? 
  
  

Who Am I? 
​
I’m Jessica Fonteneau, the Eczema and Digestive Health Nutrition Expert. I’ve worked with hundreds of clients to help them change their diets, better manage their flares, and find relief.
 
My vocation is to help those with eczema and digestive issues, because I have suffered with these interlinked conditions since I was 6 months old, and I truly know what it is like to experience these debilitating conditions. 
 
Every client I have ever worked with has their own triggers and ideal nutrition. There is no such thing as ‘one-size-fits-all’. Whether you work with me one-to-one or use my guided tools, my objective is to help you uncover what works best for you, so that you take back control and experience relief. 
 
My guided programmes are only suitable for adults as children have very specific nutrition requirements. I do, however, work with many child clients as part of my clinic. 
 
I also offer two free communities for adults caring for children with eczema and digestive symptoms, feel free to come and join us and get some well-deserved support. 

• Free community for adults with skin and/or digestive issues
• Free community for carers of children with skin and/or digestive issues

 
To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
Interested in what I do and who I am? Go to my website: www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 
References: 

1. Schnedl WJ, Enko D. Histamine Intolerance Originates in the Gut. Vol. 13, Nutrients. 2021. 
2. Zhao Y, Zhang X, Jin H, Chen L, Ji J, Zhang Z. Histamine Intolerance—A Kind of Pseudoallergic Reaction. Biomolecules. 2022;12(3):40–8.
3. Martin H, Radoslav D, Huorka M, Wawruch M. Histamine Intolerance — The More We Know the Less We Know. Nutrients. 2021;13:1–21. 

Click on the thumbnails to find out more

It’s a fascinating fact that before puberty, if you are born male, you are more at risk from childhood allergies, but that after puberty those born female are more likely to suffer from conditions relating to immune function including allergies and autoimmune conditions. (1,2)
 
It’s also reported that many people experience an onset, worsening or sometimes remission from eczema and IBS symptoms at certain times in the menstrual cycle or life stage e.g. pregnancy and menopause.
 
Have you ever considered why? 
 
Studies have hinted at the interaction of the neurotransmitter, histamine, and the hormones, oestrogen, and progesterone.  Today’s article, the fourth in my ‘histamine’ series, explores this emerging topic and includes: 

• Histamine a quick review.
• Oestrogen, progesterone, and the menstrual cycle
• Oestrogen, progesterone, and histamine, how might they interact? 
• Histamine levels linked to the menstrual cycle.
• Histamine and pregnancy
• Menopause and histamine imbalance
• My recommendations for keeping histamine in check.

 
Histamine, a quick overview
Histamine is a compound that acts as both a neurotransmitter and an immune system messenger. It is responsible for a range of roles, including immune response, vasodilation (the widening of the blood vessels), and stomach acid production.  Whilst histamine is vital for protecting the bodies against infection and supporting wound healing, too much histamine can lead to various health issues. 
 
 For more detail on how this might link to digestive health, skin conditions or autoimmunity, please see my previous articles, links below.
 
Oestrogen, progesterone, and the menstrual cycle
 
The menstrual cycle is an intricate ballet of hormonal fluctuations, depending on distinct phases, going from menstruation to the follicular phase, ovulation and finally the luteal phase.  During this cycle levels of sex hormones, including oestrogen, progesterone, luteinising hormone, and follicular stimulating hormone, rise and fall with the aim to prepare the body for pregnancy.
 
Oestrogen is a group of sex hormones (estrone, oestradiol and estriol) that plays a key role in the development and functioning of the female reproductive system. Less well considered is the fact that oestrogen also impacts bone health, cardiovascular function, cognitive function, and the modulation of the immune system.  Oestrogen levels are at their highest during the follicular phase, between the first day of a period and the next ovulation (days 1-14).  Oestrogen is primarily excreted from the body following detoxification via the liver. Some oestrogen is, however, recycled and remains in circulation which may lead to oestrogen levels being proportionately higher at some times. 
 
Progesterone, another vital hormone, works in step with oestrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the body for a potential pregnancy.  It also plays a role in thermoregulation (cooling you down or keeping your warm), skin health, brain function, and vitally has anti-inflammatory actions.  Progesterone levels are highest during the Luteal phase of your cycle. This is the phase directly after ovulation which lasts until your next cycle begins. 
 
Oestrogen, progesterone, and histamine, how might they interact? 
 
Research suggests that histamine levels are influenced by the hormonal fluctuations that happen during the menstrual cycle. 
 
Oestrogen has been demonstrated to encourage release of histamine from mast cells. This may explain the increase in symptoms such as allergies, migraines and eczema during the follicular phase, reported by many. (1)
 
Some studies, have indicated that oestrogen may not just trigger mast cells to produce histamine  but may also downregulate the production of DAO (diamine oxidase), one of the enzymes that breaks down histamine in the gut. (3,4)
 
Some studies suggest that progesterone may slow mast cells from releasing histamine. (5)
 
Histamine levels linked to the menstrual cycle.
 
A useful, but basic summary, particularly in relation to the topic we are discussing today is the fact that oestrogen can stimulate histamine production and progesterone is anti-inflammatory.  If we know that oestrogen levels are highest during the follicular phase and progesterone’s are highest in the luteal phase, then we can start to consider whether a person’s own symptoms can be mapped to their cycle.  
 
It is important to note that whilst some do report an increased sensitivity to histamine during certain phases of their cycle, many do not. 
 
Histamine and pregnancy
Hormone levels are increased during pregnancy and for those sensitive to histamine, an increase in skin or digestive issues may be experienced at that time. Morning sickness can also be related to histamine’s role in stomach acid production. 
 
On the other hand, during pregnancy the immune system is naturally heightened, which for some results in remission from eczema or other symptoms for the duration of the pregnancy. 
 
Menopause and histamine imbalance
 
The menopause marks the end of the reproductive years and is characterised by a host of hormonal changes including the reduction of oestrogen and the almost total cessation of progesterone production. 
 
Remember, oestrogen can induce histamine production whereas progesterone counter acts the effect with its anti-inflammatory role. So, during the menopause when progesterone levels are almost nil, but oestrogen continues to be produced, the scene is set for histamine load to be higher, and many menopause symptoms are directly related to this, including: 

• Hot flushes. Vasodilation triggered by histamine. 
• Disturbed sleep caused by histamine’s role in the sleep/wake cycle.
• Mood swings and anxiety. High levels of histamine may disturb overall neurotransmitter balance leading to anxiety and mood swings.
• Digestive issues. Reflux, bloating and stomach aches can be linked back to histamine’s role in stomach acid production.
• Skin issues, particularly eczema. Over production of histamine leading to severe eczema flares in susceptible individuals.

 
My recommendations for keeping histamine in check.

1. If you still have a cycle, track it and any symptoms you may experience. Do you find that they get worse at the same point in your cycle each month? The follicular phase (days 1-13) is when oestrogen levels are at their highest and when you might experience worse symptoms.
2. If you identify that you have more premenstrual, perimenopausal, menopausal, skin, autoimmune or digestive symptoms during the follicular phase, consider how you might be able to lower your overall histamine load. 
   1. Food sources - Ensuring you don’t have too many high histamine foods at the same time or close together, might help lower the histamine load. HOWEVER, histamine can be found in many foods and there are many, many contradicting food lists available on the internet. Eliminating more and more foods is not the answer and could be very dangerous for your health. Consulting with a nutrition professional is recommended. Follow this link for a list of common high-histamine foods. 
   2. Reduce any alcohol consumption so that your liver has the capacity to process the oestrogen rather than send it off for recycling.
   3. Stress can increase your histamine load. What 10-minute activity could you do every day that helps with self-care and lowers your stress levels?
3. Vitamins C and B6 are thought to help regulate histamine. Common food sources include:
   1. Vitamin C: red pepper, parsley, orange, lemon, cooked broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts
   2. B6: poultry salmon and chickpeas.
4. Find out how your genetics may impact your relationship with histamine but also your hormones. The Lifecode Gx Histamine Intolerance and Hormones tests can help unravel where you might need additional nutrition and lifestyle support.  As a Lifecode Gx practitioner I can offer this testing as part of my practice. Click here to find out more.

 
If on medication, please speak to your GP/consultant before making any changes to your diet. 
 
 
If you are interested in histamine and its impact on symptoms, this article is the second in a series I am currently publishing covering.  The series in total will include:

1. What is the histamine and eczema/dermatitis link? (Already published, view using the link)
2. What’s the histamine and gut health connection? (Already published, view using the link)
3. What is the histamine and auto-immune conditions link? (Already published, view using the link)
4. Histamine and oestrogen – why histamine may trigger skin and gut issues at the menopause. (Today's article) 
5. Histamine Intolerance is it really a thing? 

 
Sign up for my news to receive the published articles straight to your inbox. 
 
Read more by clicking below to see my previously published articles: 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.

• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• Autumnal Allergies – Yes, it is a thing
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now? 
  
  

Who Am I? 
I’m Jessica Fonteneau, the Eczema and Digestive Health Nutrition Expert. I’ve worked with hundreds of clients to help them change their diets, better manage their flares, and find relief.
 
My vocation is to help those with eczema and digestive issues, because I have suffered with these interlinked conditions since I was 6 months old, and I truly know what it is like to experience these debilitating conditions. 
 
Every client I have ever worked with has their own triggers and ideal nutrition. There is no such thing as ‘one-size-fits-all’. Whether you work with me one-to-one or use my guided tools, my objective is to help you uncover what works best for you, so that you take back control and experience relief. 
 
My guided programmes are only suitable for adults as children have very specific nutrition requirements. I do, however, work with many child clients as part of my clinic. 
 
I also offer two free communities for adults caring for children with eczema and digestive symptoms, feel free to come and join us and get some well-deserved support. 

• Free community for adults with skin and/or digestive issues
• Free community for carers of children with skin and/or digestive issues

 
To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
Interested in what I do and who I am? Go to my website: www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 
References: 

1. Chen W, Mempel M, Schober W, Behrendt H, Ring J. Gender difference, sex hormones, and immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;63(11):1418–27. 
2. Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E. Gender aspects in food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2019;19(3). Available from: https://journals.lww.com/co-allergy/Fulltext/2019/06000/Gender_aspects_in_food_allergy.12.aspx
3. McCallion A, Nasirzadeh Y, Lingegowda H, Miller JE, Khalaj K, Ahn SH, et al. Estrogen mediates inflammatory role of mast cells in endometriosis pathophysiology. Front Immunol. 2022;13(August):1–15. 
4. Afrin LB, Dempsey TT, Rosenthal LS, Dorff SR. Successful mast-cell-targeted treatment of chronic dyspareunia, vaginitis, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore) [Internet]. 2019 Jul 4;39(5):664–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2018.1550475
5. Chiarella SE, Cardet JC, Prakash MPHYS. Sex Steroid Receptors and Signaling Airway Epithelial Cells Airway Smooth Muscle Cells The Mononuclear Phagocyte System Innate Lymphoid Cells Eosinophils Unresolved Clinical Questions and Future Directions. 2021; 

 

When you think of histamine, you don’t always correlate it with autoimmune conditions, even if you know that those illnesses are all about the immune system and inflammation which is driven by histamine. 
 
Today’s article, the third in my ‘histamine’ series, focuses on autoimmune conditions,  and the article includes information on:  

• Histamine’s involvement in autoimmune conditions
• Histamine and the gut/immune axis
• The autoimmune conditions that are most likely to involve a strong histamine response. 
• My top tips for managing histamine in relation to autoimmune conditions.

 
Histamine’s involvement in autoimmune conditions
Autoimmune conditions are a diverse group of illnesses, which all involve a person’s own immune system mistaking its own tissues as a foreign invader, triggering an immune response, inflammation and ultimately tissue damage. 
 
There are a whole host of different autoimmune conditions, affecting diverse parts of the body, including Type 1 Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Multiple Sclerosis, amongst many others. As an aside, many people mistakenly think that eczema/dermatitis is also an autoimmune condition, but whilst the immune response is involved, it doesn’t actively attack the skin. 
 
The precise causes of autoimmune diseases are complex, multifactorial, immunological, and often genetic. Recent research has highlighted histamine’s role in the development and exacerbation of autoimmune conditions (1) and whilst it can’t be blamed solely for triggering autoimmunity, it can act as a catalyst, amplifying immune responses and promoting the inflammation which subsequently leads to tissue damage. 
 
For those who are histamine intolerant, have disruptions in the genetic pathways for the breakdown and removal of histamine, or who may be experiencing a temporary high histamine load, the accumulation of histamine in the bloodstream can trigger a range of symptoms such as headaches, hives, digestive issues and may also exacerbate autoimmune condition specific symptoms.
 
Research has even pointed to histamine intolerance as being linked to autoimmune conditions onset due to the constant low-grade inflammation triggered by the molecule’s presence.  Long-term exposure to histamine may lead to an over-stimulated immune system, which can lead to dysfunction and reactivity. (1–3)
 
Histamine can stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, signalling molecules that promote inflammation.  In some cases cytokine production can become excessive, leading to the chronic inflammation so characteristic of autoimmune conditions. (4,5). This can also lead to a condition called Mast Cell Activation Syndrome, that I will address in a future article. 
 
Histamine and the gut/immune axis
The gut plays an important role in the immune system and recent research has highlighted histamine’s role in influencing this axis along with modulating dysbiosis and the health of the gut wall (leaky gut). (6)
 
See my previous article for further detail.
 
Which are the autoimmune conditions that are most likely to involve a strong histamine response.
 
Whilst histamine is involved in all autoimmune conditions to one extent or another, there are some conditions that are particularly histamine related, these include: 

• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A chronic inflammatory disease mainly affecting the joints. 
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). A complex autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and systems. 
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Characterised by immune attacks on the central nervous system leading to demyelination of nerve fibres. 
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Encompassing Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. 
• Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. An autoimmune condition affecting the thyroid gland. 
• Coeliac disease. An autoimmune condition triggered by the consumption of gluten.
• Psoriasis. An autoimmune skin condition involving the fast proliferation of skin cells with high levels of inflammation.
• Ankylosing Spondylitis. A type of arthritis that mostly affects the spine.
• Sjogren’s Syndrome.  Primarily affecting the salivary and tear glands.

 
My top tips for managing histamine in relation to autoimmune conditions.

1. If you suffer from an auto-immune condition then lowering your overall exposure to histamine, including food sources, may be appropriate. Follow this link for a list of common high-histamine foods. Ensuring you don’t have too many high histamine foods at the same time or close together, might help lower the histamine load. HOWEVER, histamine can be found in many foods and there are many, many contradicting food lists available on the internet. Eliminating more and more foods is not the answer and could be very dangerous for your health. Consulting with a nutrition professional is recommended. 
2. Include some foods which have the potential to be anti-inflammatory in your diet such as oily fish, green leafy vegetables, olive oil, ginger, amongst others.
3. Include foods with nature’s antihistamine, quercetin, such as berries, apples, onions and sage.
4. Include daily stress management techniques to keep yourself calm such as meditation, low impact exercise or hobbies that trigger your flow. 
5. Find out how your genetics may impact your relationship with histamine. The Lifecode Gx Histamine Intolerance test analyses the genes and nutrients needed to breakdown and remove histamine, showing where disruptions occur and how to support optimal function.  As a Lifecode Gx practitioner I can offer this testing as part of my practice. Click here to find out more.

 
If on medication, please speak to your GP/consultant before making any changes to your diet. 

If you are interested in histamine and its impact on symptoms, this article is the second in a series I am currently publishing covering.  The series in total will include:

1. What is the histamine and eczema/dermatitis link? (Already published, view using the link)
2. What’s the histamine and gut health connection? (Already published, view using the link)
3. What is the histamine and auto-immune conditions link? ? (today’s article)
4. Histamine and oestrogen – why histamine may trigger skin and gut issues at the menopause.
5. Histamine Intolerance is it really a thing? 

 
Sign up for my news to receive the published articles straight to your inbox. 
 
Read more by clicking below to see my previously published articles: 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.

• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• Autumnal Allergies – Yes, it is a thing
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now? 
  
  

Who Am I? 
I’m Jessica Fonteneau, the Eczema and Digestive Health Nutrition Expert. I’ve worked with hundreds of clients to help them change their diets, better manage their flares, and find relief.
 
My vocation is to help those with eczema and digestive issues, because I have suffered with these interlinked conditions since I was 6 months old, and I truly know what it is like to experience these debilitating conditions. 
 
Every client I have ever worked with has their own triggers and ideal nutrition. There is no such thing as ‘one-size-fits-all’. Whether you work with me one-to-one or use my guided tools, my objective is to help you uncover what works best for you, so that you take back control and experience relief. 
 
My guided programmes are only suitable for adults as children have very specific nutrition requirements. I do, however, work with many child clients as part of my clinic. 
 
I also offer two free communities for adults caring for children with eczema and digestive symptoms, feel free to come and join us and get some well-deserved support. 

• Free community for adults with skin and/or digestive issues
• Free community for carers of children with skin and/or digestive issues

 
To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
Interested in what I do and who I am? Go to my website: www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 
References: 

1. Mehta P, Miszta P, Rzodkiewicz P, Michalak O, Krzeczyński P, Filipek S. Enigmatic Histamine Receptor H4 for Potential Treatment of Multiple Inflammatory, Autoimmune, and Related Diseases. Vol. 10, Life. 2020. 
2. Volonté C, Apolloni S, Amadio S. The Histamine and Multiple Sclerosis Alliance: Pleiotropic Actions and Functional Validation BT  - The Functional Roles of Histamine Receptors. In: Yanai K, Passani MB, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2022. p. 217–39. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_24
3. Schnedl WJ, Mangge H, Schenk M, Enko D. Non-responsive celiac disease may coincide with additional food intolerance/malabsorption, including histamine intolerance. Med Hypotheses [Internet]. 2021;146:110404. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720332953
4. Theoharides TC, Perlman AI, Twahir A, Kempuraj D. Mast cell activation: beyond histamine and tryptase. Expert Rev Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2023 Jun 3;19(6):639–54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2023.2200936
5. Frieri M. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol [Internet]. 2018;54(3):353–65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-015-8487-6
6. Rettura F, Bronzini F, Campigotto M, Lambiase C, Pancetti A, Berti G, et al. Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Management Update. Front Med. 2021;8(November):1–19. 

Histamine is often thought of in relation to hay fever and skin reactions, such as atopic eczema, but did you know that histamine is also implicated in digestive health conditions including reflux, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)? 
 
Today’s article, the second in the series, focuses on histamine and its link to gut health and includes: 

• What role does histamine play in digestion? 
• Which digestive disorders are linked to histamine?
• The possible causes that trigger a histamine reaction in the gut
• My top tips for managing histamine as a digestive trigger.

 
What role does histamine play in digestion? 
Histamine, a neurotransmitter, and immune system mediator, plays a crucial role in a whole range of processes and is found throughout the body, including the gastrointestinal tract.
 
Histamine is released by mast cells and basophils in response to allergens, pathogens, tissue damage, amongst other stimuli and plays a dual role in the digestive system, at times being pro-inflammatory and at others anti-inflammatory. It has several roles including (1): 
 

• Helping to regulate the digestive process by stimulating the release of stomach acid, aiding in the digestion of food.  
• Contributing to gut motility, ensuring the good passage of food all the way through the digestive tract. 
• Increasing the permeability of the gut mucosa, or ‘leaky gut’.
• Disrupting mucosal ion secretion (transport of charged ions across the lining or mucosal epithelium or gut lining). 

 
Which digestive disorders are linked to histamine? 
 

• Gastric acid regulation and acid-related disorders (reflux):  As mentioned above, histamine is a key player in controlling stomach acid production. It binds to specific receptors (H2 receptors) that line the stomach and triggers the release of stomach acid. If there is an imbalance in histamine productions or H2 receptor function, digestive conditions such as GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) or peptic ulcers can occur. GERD is the result of excess stomach acid that flows back up to the oesophagus, causing the common symptoms, heartburn, and discomfort. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop within the stomach lining, which are also linked to too much acid. (2,3)
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): histamine’s role in motility and function means that individual with IBS may suffer from altered histamine metabolism leading to gastrointestinal symptoms including stomach pain, bloating and irregular bowel movements. (1)
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Whilst histamine isn’t directly implicated in conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, histamine is released as part of the inflammatory and immune responses. An overall inflammatory state within the gut can exacerbate symptoms and potentially lead to disease progression. (4)
• Food intolerances and allergies: histamine intolerance (which will be covered in more detail in a future article), is a condition whereby histamine is broken down inefficiently, leading to it remaining within the body. Gut symptoms linking to histamine intolerance include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain.  In addition, histamine-rich foods can add to the histamine load, further affecting digestive health. (5)

 
What are the possible triggers of a histamine reaction in the gut? 

• Genetic factors: Mutations (SNPs) on genes encoding for the enzymes which are responsible for breaking down histamine include HNMT and DAO amongst others, can contribute to histamine intolerance and related digestive symptoms.
• Dietary factors: eating histamine-rich foods or histamine releasing foods such as aged cheeses and alcohol, can worsen histamine triggering digestive conditions. 
• Dysbiosis (gut bacterial imbalance): an imbalance in the gut microbiome can have an impact on histamine metabolism as certain bacterial strains, such as Enterobacter species, Morganella morganii, Proteus species, Klebsiella species and Enterococcus species, can produce or degrade histamine, potentially adding to the already existing histamine load.  
• Medications: certain medications including NSAID (e.g., Ibuprofen) can disrupt the gastrointestinal barrier and increase histamine release. 
• Stress: stress can also contribute to histamine related symptoms by influencing gut permeability (leaky gut) and mast cell activation e.g., histamine release.

 
In summary, here are my top tips for managing histamine as a trigger for gut disorders: 
 

1. If you suffer from a histamine-related, digestive disorder then following a lower-histamine diet may be appropriate. Follow this link for a list of common high-histamine foods , which might help you identify whether histamine may be triggering your symptoms.  HOWEVER, histamine can be found in many foods and there are many, many contradicting food lists available on the internet. Eliminating more and more foods is not the answer and could be very dangerous for your health and consulting with a nutrition professional is recommended. If you are interested in finding out more, sign-up here to keep up to date with my publications.
2. Address potential dysbiosis and gut health. Consuming probiotic-rich foods may help restore the balance in your gut microbiome, potentially improving histamine metabolism and digestive symptoms. A stool test examining your microbiota can, in some cases be helpful.  I will be addressing stool tests in my Histamine Masterclass in September 2023. 
3. Stress management. Include daily stress management techniques to keep yourself calm such as meditation, low impact exercise or hobbies that make your heart sing. 
4. Find out how your genetics may impact your relationship with histamine. The Lifecode Gx Histamine Intolerance test analyses the genes and nutrients needed to breakdown and remove histamine, showing where disruptions occur and how to support optimal function.  As a Lifecode Gx practitioner I can offer this testing as part of my practice. Click here to find out more.

 
If on medication, please speak to your GP/consultant before making any changes to your diet. 
 
If you are interested in histamine and its impact on symptoms, this article is the second in a series I am currently publishing. The series will include:

1. What is the histamine and eczema/dermatitis link? (already published, view using the link)
2. What’s the histamine and gut health connection? (today’s article)
3. What is the histamine and auto-immune conditions link? 
4. Histamine and oestrogen – why histamine may trigger skin and gut issues at the menopause.
5. Histamine Intolerance is it really a thing? 

 
Sign up for my news to receive the published articles straight to your inbox. 
 
Read more by clicking below to see my previously published articles: 
 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.

• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• Autumnal Allergies – Yes, it is a thing
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now? 
  
  

Who Am I? 
I’m Jessica Fonteneau, the Eczema and Digestive Health Nutrition Expert. I’ve worked with hundreds of clients to help them change their diets, better manage their flares, and find relief.
 
My vocation is to help those with eczema and digestive issues, because I have suffered with these interlinked conditions since I was 6 months old, and I truly know what it is like to experience these debilitating conditions. 
 
Every client I have ever worked with has their own triggers and ideal nutrition. There is no such thing as ‘one-size-fits-all’. Whether you work with me one-to-one or use my guided tools, my objective is to help you uncover what works best for you, so that you take back control and experience relief. 
 
My guided programmes are only suitable for adults as children have very specific nutrition requirements. I do, however, work with many child clients as part of my clinic.
 
I also offer two free communities for adults and adults caring for children with eczema and digestive symptoms, feel free to come and join us and get some well-deserved support. 
 

• Free community for adults with skin and/or digestive issues
• Free community for carers of children with skin and/or digestive issues

 
To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
Interested in what I do and who I am? Go to my website: www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 
References: 
1.           Chen M, Ruan G, Chen L, Ying S, Li G, Xu F, et al. Neurotransmitter and Intestinal Interactions: Focus on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13(February):1–12. 
2.           Rettura F, Bronzini F, Campigotto M, Lambiase C, Pancetti A, Berti G, et al. Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Management Update. Front Med. 2021;8(November):1–19. 
3.           Zaterka S, Marion SB, Roveda F, Perrotti MA, Chinzon D. Historical perspective of gastroesophageal reflux disease clinical treatment. Arq Gastroenterol. 2019;56(2):202–8. 
4.           Melgarejo E, Medina MÁ, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Urdiales JL. Targeting of histamine producing cells by EGCG: a green dart against inflammation? J Physiol Biochem [Internet]. 2010;66(3):265–70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-010-0033-7
5.           Kanikowska A, Janisz S, Mańkowska-Wierzbicka D, Gabryel M, Dobrowolska A, Eder P. Management of Adult Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms from Food Hypersensitivity—Narrative Review. Vol. 11, Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022. 
 

Every so often a new health buzz word emerges. The new “thing” that, once resolved, will, theoretically, solve everything.  
 
From the questions I get within my community forums or from clients, histamine seems to be the current molecule of interest, particularly in relation to skin, gut and autoimmune issues, but does it deserve this notoriety?  
 
There is a lot to unpick regarding histamine, so I have divided the topic into 5 separate articles. The first is published below and the next four will follow over the next month, so keep watching this space or sign-up for my emails to receive the articles direct to your inbox: 

1. What is the histamine and eczema/dermatitis link?
2. What is the histamine and gut health link? 
3. What is the histamine and auto-immune conditions link? 
4. Histamine and oestrogen – why histamine may trigger skin and gut issues at the menopause.
5. Histamine Intolerance is it really a thing? 

 
What is the histamine and eczema/dermatitis link? 
Today’s article covers: 

• What is histamine? 
• Histamine and the immune system, how does it work? 
• Histamine and eczema, what’s the link? 
• Which eczema types are most linked to histamine.
• My top tips for managing histamine as an eczema/dermatitis trigger.

 
What is histamine? 
 
Histamine is a neurotransmitter, produced by mast cells, found throughout the body, but specifically in the skin, respiratory system, and the gastrointestinal tract, but also by basophils, a type of white blood cell which is involved in an immune reaction. 
 
Histamine is mostly known for its involvement in the immune response cascade (one reaction, causing the next and so on).  This neurotransmitter is directly responsible for itching, redness and swelling (inflammation) but is also involved in numerous other processes including stomach acid, contraction of smooth muscle (muscles involved with respiration and digestion amongst others), and the dilation of blood vessels. 
 
Whilst histamine, the neurotransmitter, is the main driver, there are four different types of histamine receptors (H Receptors) which determine the type or location of a histamine response. (2,3)

• H1 receptors are linked to anaphylactic shock and shortness of breath, the most dangerous of all allergic reactions. However, on the flipside, H1 receptors also involve histamine in sleep-wake cycles, body temperature regulation, emotions, especially anger (think of that momentary hot flush), memory, and learning.  Most histamine related skin reactions are linked to this first category of H receptors.

• H2 receptors are mainly found in the digestive tract and heart and can be linked to stomach acid, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate and headaches.
• H3 receptors manage histamine release from mast cells and neurons within the brain and can be linked to mood via dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine. 
• H4 receptors are found in bone marrow and are linked to the production of red blood cells, but also inflammatory disorders and autoimmune conditions. 

 
Histamine and the immune system, how does it work? 
 
When the body encounters an allergen, be it environmental (pollen or dust mites, for example) or food (e.g., gluten, dairy etc.) the immune system responds by producing immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies which bind to mast cells and basophils which then trigger the release of histamine. 
 
Histamine release makes blood vessels dilate resulting in blood rushing to the area and leading to the common signs of inflammation: redness, itching and swelling. 
 
Histamine is also involved in the inflammatory response when tissue (or skin) is damaged or infected, causing the blood vessels dilate, drawing blood flow and delivering white blood cells to the damaged area which then help to fight off possible infection.
 
Histamine and eczema/dermatitis – what is the link? 
 
Atopic Eczema alone affects an estimated 20% of children and 10% of adults in the Western world (1), which is an absolutely massive number of people.  If you suffer from any type of eczema/dermatitis you already know that it is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that can be dry, itchy, and inflamed, all symptoms linked to a histamine response. 
 
Most researchers agree that there is a link between histamine and eczema/dermatitis. Histamine triggers inflammation, causing itchiness, redness, swelling and testing has identified that individuals suffering from an eczema/dermatitis flare, have high levels of histamine. What is less clear is what the specific connection is. In other words, just as no two eczema/dermatitis sufferers appear to have the same triggers, the histamine connection may be different for everyone.  
 
In terms of current and recent research, the following three links have been specifically examined: 

1. Whether it triggers eczema/dermatitis in the first place.

1. Whether it only plays a role in exacerbating and maintaining a flare which has already been triggered.
2. Both.

 
Research suggests that histamine’s role in eczema/dermatitis may go beyond its inflammatory role.  Evidence has been found that it may contribute to the breakdown of the skin barrier, resulting in ‘Leaky Skin’, making skin less able to retain moisture and act as a protection against irritants.  This means that potential allergens and irritants cross into the body more easily, triggering an immune response. 
 
Exploring the eczema types most linked to histamine.
 
As we already know, not all eczema/dermatitis is alike, which means that not all types will necessarily have a histamine link, but those that are include:  

• Atopic eczema/dermatitis. This, the most common type of eczema, is associated to allergies and asthma and so it makessense that histamine is linked to this type. However, whilst histamine plays a role in exacerbating symptoms, it isn’t the only driver, other possible causes are low vitamin D status, a SNP on the Filaggrin gene, a poor gut microbiome, amongst others. To learn more about Atopic Eczema/Dermatitis specifically, you can read the linked article.

• Contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into direct contact with an allergen or irritant, which can cause an inflammatory response involving histamine. Some of the main triggers for this type of eczema include metals eg. nickel, fragrances, cosmetics, latex, and some plants. 
• Urticaria (hives). Urticaria or hives are raised, itchy welts that appear on the skin and histamine is the main causes of this type of skin reaction. Hives can resolve quickly (which is generally considered less than six weeks) or can persist chronically, for a significant period.
• Prurigo Nodularis. This is a chronic (long-lasting) skin condition which comes up as extremely itchy lumps. Whilst the cause of Prurigo Nodularis is still unknown, histamine has been identified as being linked to the extreme itching individuals suffer.   

 
In summary, here are my 7 top tips for managing histamine as a trigger for eczema/dermatitis: 

1. Identify and avoid triggers. Use a food/environment and symptom diary to log reactions and help identify your own patterns and triggers. You can either use a form or your own diary/journal. Keeping track is essential. 
2. Adopt a low-histamine diet by avoiding some foods that are particularly high in histamine. Some of these foods include aged cheeses, fermented foods, processed meats, alcohol, tomatoes, spinach, and some types of fish.  Complete the histamine quiz here to see if you can identify whether high histamine foods may be an issue for you.
3. Avoid histamine-releasing foods. Whilst some foods aren’t high in histamine, they can trigger a histamine release from the body. These include citrus fruits, strawberries, chocolate, and nuts. Be wary about eliminating too much from your diet as you can make things worse, consider consulting with a nutrition professional. 
4. Support gut health. Histamine is metabolised and broken down in the gut, so the healthier your gut the less likely you are to be affected by histamine.  Consider adding probiotics and prebiotics to your diet. However, careful! Many foods considered good for the gut e.g., kefir and sauerkraut, can trigger histamine flares, so start small and increase rather than going all in immediately.
5. Enzyme supplements. DAO (diamine oxidase) is the enzyme responsible for breaking down histamine in the gut. Taking this supplement before a histamine rich meal may help people with naturally low levels of this enzyme, digest histamine foods better. As before, it is always better to consult with a nutrition practitioner before starting any supplementation.
6. Stress management. Did you know that stress and anxiety can trigger histamine? Include daily stress management techniques to keep yourself calm such as meditation, low impact exercise or hobbies that make your heart sing. 
7. Find out how your genetics may impact your relationship with histamine. The Lifecode Gx Histamine Intolerance test analyses the genes and nutrients needed to breakdown and remove histamine, showing where disruptions occur and how to support optimal function.  

Speak to your medical practitioner, Registered Nutritional Therapist or pharmacist adviser for further guidance. If on medication, please speak to your GP/consultant before making any changes to your diet. 


Histamine Masterclass - 1pm, Thursday 14th September. 

I will be holding an online Masterclass on histamine on Thursday 14th September 2023 at 1pm - claim your early bird ticket at £10.  Don't worry if you can't attend live, you can send your questions in advance and the Masterclass will be emailed to all attendees post the event.
 
Read more: 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.

• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• Autumnal Allergies – Yes, it is a thing
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now? 
  
  

To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
Interested in what I do and who I am? Go to my website: www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 
1.           Nutten S. Atopic dermatitis: Global epidemiology and risk factors. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66:8–16. 
2.           Buddenkotte J, Maurer M, Steinhoff M. Histamine and antihistamines in atopic dermatitis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;709:73–80. 
3.           Patel RH; Mohiuddin SS. Biochemistry , Histamine. 2023;32491722. 

Eczema, or dermatitis, is a non-contagious, inflammatory (meaning that the body’s immune system is activated) skin condition that usually involves a combination of itching, redness, oozing, raised bumps or blisters. Whilst not all types of eczema are the same, or have the same causes, this article covers their differences and some common food triggers.
 
Eczema flares can be ‘acute’, meaning that there is a sudden appearance of symptoms usually involving blisters and oozing, or chronic when the symptoms remain long-term but are drier in appearance with scaling and cracking.  Most clients I work with report a mixture of both, chronic dryness with periodic acute flares.
 
The above is, however, a generalisation, even dermatologists admit that in many cases, the exact eczema type cannot be diagnosed and that no two people will experience the same environmental or food triggers or the same eczema symptoms[1]
 
Hearing that you have eczema is one thing but there are different types of eczema and these can be triggered by different things, so it is worth knowing the difference. Eczema being eczema, of course, many people have a combination of several types versus just one. Here is a brief description of the main different eczema’s:
 
Contact Dermatitis
 
Contact Dermatitis is an eczema that is triggered by direct contact with an allergen/sensitivity eg. nickel or fragrance. The eczema only appears around the site of the contact such as earrings, a watch, belt buckle, perfume or deodorant.  Contact dermatitis usually resolves itself, within 5-7 days, once the irritant has been removed.
 
Atopic Eczema
 
Atopic Eczema is an allergic eczema that is often linked to asthma and hay fever and is particularly linked to itchiness. 
 
A blood test for raised IgE levels can be used to see whether a true allergy is present. Interestingly, however, not all patients with diagnosed atopic eczema show raised IgE, some may experience a food/environmental sensitivity or intolerance reaction. 

• Food allergies trigger an immediate immune response caused by either IgE or IgG antibodies and are often severe, requiring immediate medical attention. 
• Food sensitivities do trigger an immune response, but these are delayed from a few hours after eating the offending food, to several days, usually around 3 but can be up to 7[1].
• A food intolerance does not involve the immune system and may be linked to gut health.

 
About 20-30% of UK infants are affected by atopic eczema. 
 
Issues with a a skin barrier protein, filaggrin, was found, in 2006, to be strongly linked to atopic eczema.[2]
 
Pompholyx (Dyshidrotic) Eczema
 
Pompholyx/Dyshidrotic Eczema is linked to atopic eczema and appears as extremely itchy, pin-prick blisters on fingers and/or toes. Over time the blisters turn into scaling and crevasses often form. This form of eczema creates intense itchiness but scratching only worsens the symptoms. This form of eczema often appears in young adults and can be triggered by warmer weather.
 
Seborrheic dermatitis
 
Seborrheic dermatitis generally appears on the scalp and above the eyes. It is usually less itchy than atopic eczema and has been linked to yeast infections. 
 
Discoid (Nummular) Eczema
 
Discoid eczema usually occurs in middle-aged/older men. If this form of eczema appears in younger patients then it is actually a form of atopic or contact dermatitis.  This eczema forms in round-shaped patches and may leave a long-term, lighter skin tone patch after the eczema has cleared.
 
Stasis (Venous) Eczema
 
Stasis eczema is often found on the lower legs and is linked to problems with circulation and veins. Medical treatment is linked to resolving the vein condition and applying creams to the eczema. 
 
Neurodermatitis (Lichen Simplex Chronicus)
 
Neurodermatitis is when skin becomes thick and leathery due to repeated scratching or rubbing, either as a habit or due to stress and it is usually found in a single patch either on the leg or back of the neck. Topical creams are usually the first line of treatment. 

 
A focus on Atopic Eczema and Common Food Triggers
 
For those types of eczema that have an inflammatory, immune system response (atopic, pompholyx, discoid and seborrheic) it is useful to find out what your personal triggers are. 
 
It is important to note that eczema triggers are individual, during my many years in practice specialising in this area, I have found some common ground and some surprising triggers. My main advice would be to start keeping a food and symptom diary. This means noting what you have eaten during the 3 days preceding a flare. Here is a link to a free 'Food and Symptom Diary' tool I've prepared. 
 
The top 6 categories of foods that my clinical experience has identified as the most common are: 

1. Dairy products - milk, butter, yogurt, cheese, ice-cream
2. Gluten - wheat (spelt, kamut, farro, durum, bulgur, semolina); barley, rye, triticale and oats (unless specified gluten free) 
3. Eggs
4. Sugar
5. Nightshades - tomato, pepper (red, orange, green, chilli), aubergine and potato. 
6. Citrus - lemon, orange, grapefruit, satsuma, lime, clementine 

 
Caution, however, about starting to remove whole food groups from your diet, especially if you considering taking anything out of a child’s diet, as doing so can exacerbate the problem rather than alleviate it. My advice would be to work with a nutrition professional. 
 
I’ve also found that certain triggers follow what I could only describe as “trends”. For example, in my list above I have gluten, but truth be told, I am finding that it is featuring less and less as a potential trigger. I am, however, finding that triggers to almonds and soy are becoming much more common. Could this be a case of what we eat the most often has the potential to trigger atopic eczema sufferers more? Only time and research will tell. 
 
Read more: 

• Motivated to change but struggling to stay on track? Tips for long term transformation.
• Symptoms but no idea what’s triggering them? Here are some tips to unravel the mystery.  
• Top Tips for Eating for the Planet without Compromising Your Nutrition 
• I want to eat more plant-based but pulses give me terrible digestive issues
• What is the atopic march?
• Why is eczema/atopic dermatitis itchier at night?
• You’ve been diagnosed with an atopic condition, but what does that mean? 
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema – a chronic condition that effects all ages 
• The skin microbiome, the key to good skin health  
• Autumnal Allergies – Yes, it is a thing
• If one-size-fits all diets worked, don’t you think we would have the magic formula by now? 
  
  

To easily keep up with my articles, masterclasses, ebooks and online programmes and receive exclusive access to early bird offers, sign-up to my newsletter.  
 
My name is Jessica Fonteneau and as a Registered Nutritional Therapist MSc, I have significant clinical experience in supporting clients with digestive, skin and autoimmune disorders. 

In addition, I have undertaken further study and training in two specific areas: 

• Atopic dermatitis (eczema). My MSc thesis was entitled: 'Examine how nutrition can be used as a complementary tool for the support of eczema/chronic atopic dermatitis (AD)'
• Nutrition in oncology in an integrative team setting.
• I am currently training as a Nutrigenomics Practitioner.

 
www.jessicafonteneaunutrition.com
 

[1] Lord RS, Bralley JA (2008) Laboratory Evaluations for Integrative and Functional Medicine, 2nd Edition, Canada. Metametrix Institute 

[2] Irvine AD, McClean WH (2006). Breaking the (un) sound barrier. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1261200-1202